Chapter 16 Part 2: Relativity - Momentum, Mass, Energy, and Gravity

Chapter 16 Part 2: Relativity - Momentum, Mass, Energy, and Gravity (16.4 - 16.6)

SC.912.N.1.2  
Describe and explain what characterizes science and its methods.
LAFS.1112.RST.2.4
Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 11–12 texts and topics.
LA.910.2.2.3 The Student will organize information to show understanding or relationships among facts, ideas, and events (e.g. representing key points within text through charting, mapping, paraphrasing, comparing, contrasting, or outlining).

Preview Video HERE

In class reading of  16.4 - 16.6

1. The ____________________ states that local observations made in an accelerated frame of reference cannot be distinguished from observations made in a Newtonian gravitational field.
2. 2 balls, one of lead and one of wood, are dropped in an accelerating spaceship. Explain why any occupants might attribute their fall to gravity.
3. Explain why the balls in the above example would hit the floor at the same time.
4. Einstein stated that the correspondence principle holds for all natural phenomena, including ___________, electromagnetic, and ___________ phenomena.
5. Determine if the following statement is true or false: Just as a tossed ball curves in a gravitational field, so does a light beam.
6. According to Newton, tossed balls curve because of a ____________.
7. According to Einstein, explain why the path of a tossed ball is curved.
8. Space-time has _________ dimensions: ___________ space dimensions and ______ time dimension.
9. Match the drawings to the correct statement:

• A. The sum of the angles of the triangle is greater than 180º
  B. The sum of the angles of the triangle is less than 180º
  C. The sum of the angles of the triangle is equal to 180º

10. The lines of the shortest distance between 2 points on a curved surface are called _____________.
11. Although space-time is curved within a solar system or within a galaxy, recent evidence suggests that the universe as a whole is ________.
12. A universe of zero or negative ____________ is open ended and extends without limit.
13. Determine if the following statement is true or false: The presence of mass produces a curvature or warping of space-time. Conversely, a curvature of space-time reveals the presence of mass.
14. Determine if the following statements are true or false:
• General relativity tells us that the bumps, depressions, and warpings of geometrical space-time are gravity.
• It is easy to visualize four dimensions because we are four-dimensional beings.
• The planets that orbit the sun travel along three-dimensional geodesics in the warped space-time about the sun.
• Every object has mass and therefore makes a bump or depression in the surrounding space-time.
15. The ripples that travel outward from the gravitational sources at the speed of light are _____________________.
16. Determine if the following statement is true or false: The gravitational waves emitted by a vibrating electric charge are a trillion-trillion-trillion times weaker than the electromagnetic waves emitted by the same charge.
17. Go HERE to watch a video about the discovery of gravitational waves.
18. Upon developing the general theory of relativity, Einstein predicted that the elliptical orbits of the planets __________ about the sun, starlight passing close to the sun is ___________, and ___________ causes time to slow down.
19. State the planet's orbit is most affected by the curvature of space.
20. Explain how scientists accounted for the extra 43 seconds or arc per century in Mercury's orbit before Einstein.
21. Summarize the second test of Einstein's general relativity theory.
22. Determine if the following statements are true or false:
• Einstein predicted that gravity causes clocks to run fast.
• Einstein predicted that clocks on the first floor of a building should tick slightly more slowly than clocks on the top floor.
• From the top to bottom of the tallest skyscraper, the difference between 2 ticking clocks will vary only a few millionths of a second per decade.
• For larger differences, like those at the surface of the sun compared with the surface of Earth, the difference in 2 ticking clocks will be more pronounced.
23. Light traveling "against gravity" is observed to have a slightly lower frequency due to an effect called the ___________________.
24. Measurements of time depend not only on relative motion but also on ___________.

 Chapter 5: Projectile Motion Part 2 (5.3 - 5.5)

SC.912.P.12.2 Analyze the motion of an object in terms of its position, velocity, and acceleration.

BELLWORK: Preview video HERE.

In Class reading of 5.3- 5.5

1. Complete the sentence: Any vector can be resolved or broken, into an equivalent set of two __________ vectors at right angles to each other.
2. Determine if the following statement is true or false: Component vectors are always at right angles to each other.
3. Determine if the following statement is true or false: The two components of a vector are independent of each other.
4. Complete the sentence: A ball in thrown into the air at an angle. The velocity of the ball can be resolved into _____________ and ___________ components.
5. Decide which statements are true about projectiles:
1. A projectile moves through are or space.
2. A projectile is always subject to at least 2 forces.
3. A projectile is subject to the force of gravity.
4. A projectile in air is subject to air resistance.
6. Determine if the following statement is true or false: For a projectile, the horizontal component of its motion is like the horizontal motion of a ball freely rolling on a level surface without friction.
7. Complete the sentence: The ______________ component of velocity for a projectile always changes with time.
8. Determine which word best describes the relationship between the vertical and horizontal components of velocity for a projectile: equal, opposite, independent, or constant.
9. Determine if the following statement is true or false: Ignoring air resistance, the horizontal component of velocity of a horizontally launched projectile remains constant.
10. A ball is dropped off the edge of a desk. Another ball rolls off the desk at exactly the same time. Determine which word best describes the vertical component of the velocity of the balls: equal, opposite, zero, or constant.
11. Decide which statements are true about a horizontally launched projectile:
1. Gravity acts on the projectile.
2. Ignoring air resistance, horizontal motion is contant.
3. The projectile accelerates downward.
4. The vertical motion is the same as a freely falling object.
12. Determine which word best describes the path followed by a ball that rolls off the edge of a desk: straight, circular, curved, or horizontal.
13. Complete the sentence: The path of a projectile with constant horizontal motion and a downward acceleration due to gravity is a(n) _______________.
14. A boy drops a rock off a cliff at the same time that his sister throws another rock horizontally from the cliff. Decide which statements about the 2 rocks are true.
1. Gravity acts on both rocks.
2. Both rocks hit the ground at the same time.
3. Both rocks accelerate horizontally and vertically.
4. Both rocks follow parabolic paths.

Chapter 5: Projectile Motion Part 1 (5.1 - 5.3)

Chapter 5: Projectile Motion Part 1 (5.1-5.2)

SC.912.P.12.2

Analyze the motion of an object in terms of its position, velocity, and acceleration (with respect to a frame of reference) as functions of time.

Bellwork: Preview Video HERE

In class reading of 5.1 - 5.2

1. State the 2 things represented by vector arrows in physics. 
2. Decide whether the following statement is true or false: Velocity is a scalar quantity.
3. Determine which of the following are vector quantities: velocity, time, acceleration, momentum.
4. Complete the sentence: A scalar quantity includes only _______.
5. Explain how 2 scalar quantities are multiplied.
6. Determine which of the following are scalar quantities: 5 liters, 10 m/s north, 32 minutes, 2 cm south.
7. Decide whether a scalar quantity can be made into a vector quantity by simply adding a direction to its magnitude. Explain why or why not and give an example.
8. A diagram includes a 3-cm long arrow pointing to the right. The arrow is a vector scaled so that 1 cm = 10 m/s. Determine which statement below best describes the vector:

• a. 3 cm to the right	b. 30 m/s to the right
  c. to the right	d. 60 km/h to the right

9. An airplane flies in the same direction as the wind.  Decide whether the following statement is true or false: The velocity of the airplane is the sum of the airplane's velocity relative to the air and the wind's velocity relative to the ground. 
10. Decide whether the following statement is true or false: A tailwind increases the velocity of an airplane.
11. Decide whether the following statement is true or false: Vectors can only be used to add velocities that are parallel to each other.
12. Complete the sentence: The result of adding two vectors is called the __________.
13. Determine which vector listed below is the resultant of a 3-unit vector and a 4-unit vector that are perpendicular:

• a. 1-unit vector	b. 3-unit vector
  c. 5-unit vector	d. 7-unit vector

  
  
14. The figure below shows the addition of vectors with equal magnitudes at right angles to each other. Determine the statement that best describes the resultant.
• 
  
  

  a. 1 unit upward	b. 1 unit to the right
  c. √2 units at 45°	d. 2 units upward

  
  
  
  
15. Decide whether the following statement is true or false: The length of the diagonal of a square is always 1.414 times the length of either side.

Projectile Motion Lab

Go HERE for the procedures.

Chapter 4: Linear Motion Part 2 (4.5 - 4.9)

Chapter 4: Linear Motion Part 1 (4.5-4.9)

SC.912.P.12.2

Analyze the motion of an object in terms of its position, velocity, and acceleration (with respect to a frame of reference) as functions of time.

Bellwork: Preview Video HERE

In class reading of 4.5 - 4.9

1. Define the following Key Terms: elapsed time, free fall
2. Explain what is meant by the variable "g" in physics. What is its value?
3. If an object at rest is dropped from the top of a cliff, how fast will it be going at the end of 1 s? At the end of 2 s? 10 s?
4. Express the instantaneous speed, v, of an object falling from rest after an elapsed time, t, in equation form.
5. Draw the path of an object being thrown upwards. Label where the object is at its peak, and state the velocity of the object at that point. 
6. Using the same drawing, state the acceleration the object experiences throughout its flight.
7. During the span of the second time interval in Table 4.2, the object begins at 10 m/s and ends at 20 m/s. What is the average speed of the object during this 1 second time interval? What is its acceleration?
8. Express the distance, d, a freely falling object has fallen from rest in equation form. 
9. How far will a freely falling object that is released from rest fall in 2 s? In 10 s? In .5 s?
10. An apple drops from a tree and hits the ground in 1 s. What is its speed upon striking the ground? What is its average speed during the 1 s? How high above the ground was the apple when first dropped?

In class activity: Comparing Reaction Times

Chapter 4: Linear Motion Part 1 (4.1 - 4.4)

Chapter 4: Linear Motion Part 1 (4.1-4.4)

SC.912.P.12.2

Analyze the motion of an object in terms of its position, velocity, and acceleration (with respect to a frame of reference) as functions of time.

Bellwork: Preview Video HERE

In class reading of 4.1 - 4.4

1. Define the following Key Terms: relative, average speed, instantaneous speed, speed, velocity, acceleration.
2. Explain the idea that motion is relative and give an example.
3. Define speed with an equation.
4. Create a 3 part Venn Diagram that compares and contrasts average speed, instantaneous speed, and speed.
5. If you ride a bike a distance of 5 m in 1 s, what is your speed? What is you speed for 10 m in 2 s? For 100 m in 20 s?
6. Answer the questions for section 4.2 (pg 62)and show your work.
7. Explain the main difference between speed and velocity as used in physics.
8. If an airplane travels 500 km due north in 1 h, what is its velocity? If it travels 250 km due north in 1/2 h? 125 km north in 1/4 h?
9. Describe how it's possible to change velocity without changing speed.
10. Define acceleration with an equation.
11. Explain why acceleration is not simply an increase in speed. What other changes can cause acceleration?
12. Describe a situation in which acceleration changes because of a decrease in speed.
13. Describe a situation in which acceleration changes but speed does not.
14. What is the acceleration of a car that goes from rest to 100 km/h in 10s? What is the acceleration of a mechanical part that moves from 0 to 10 m/s in a time of 1s?
15. Answer the questions for section 4.4 (pg 62) and show your work.

 Something to ponder for Monday.....

Chapter 3.4 - 3.6 Newton's First Law of Motion - Inertia

Chapter 3: Newton's First Law of Motion (3.4 - 3.6)

SC.912.N.1.2  
Describe and explain what characterizes science and its methods.
LAFS.1112.RST.2.4
Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 11–12 texts and topics.
SC.912.P.12.3  
Interpret and apply Newton's three laws of motion.

Bellwork: Preview Video HERE

In class reading of 3.4 - 3.6

1. Define the following Key Terms: friction, inertia, Newton's first law, law of inertia, kilograms, mass, weight, newton
2. Provide an example of Newton's first law for objects at rest and explain why the law applies to your example.
3. Provide an example of Newton's first law for objects in motion and explain why the law applies to your example.
4. Predict what would happen to the paths of the planets if the sun were to suddenly disappear.
5. Relate mass and inertia.
6. Create an example that shows mass is not volume.
7. Create an example that shows mass is not weight.
8. Does a 2 kg bunch of bananas have twice the inertia as a 1 kg loaf of bread? Twice as much mass? Twice as much volume? Twice as much weight, when weighed in the same location?
9. Use the law of inertia to explain why a bird can successfully catch a worm when it drops straight down out of a tree.

PROBLEM SET: Pages 41-45 #s 5, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PAGES HERE.

Biography of Newton

 Biography HERE

Mechanical Equilibrium Part 2: Problem Set

Please answer the following questions from your text (pages 24-27) on a separate sheet of paper to be turned in.

17, 23, 24, 30, 37, 38, 40, 46

Chapter 2 Mechanical Equilibrium Concept Development

Go HERE for the Concept Development Pages.